A recently published article by a group of Korean researchers hints at a possible cause of bipolar mania.
The finding underlines the complex biology of bipolar disorder and perhaps why coming up with a biological mechanism for the dramatic shifts in behavior in bipolar has been so difficult.
Background
A number of pieces of evidence have suggested that phospholipase C signaling may be involved in the biology of bipolar disorder.
Phospholipase C (PLC) is a “second messenger” which has many functions in the organism. However these different functions are all a consequence of Phospholipase C’s ability to catalyze the reaction illustrated below. The formation of diacyl glycerol (DAG) (which stays on the inside of the cell membrane) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) (which diffuses into the cell) from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) lying on the inside of the cell membrane.
PLC also comes in multiple variants with slightly different regulation and function.
- beta: PLCB1, PLCB2, PLCB3, PLCB4
- gamma: PLCG1, PLCG2
- delta: PLCD1, PLCD3, PLCD4
- epsilon: PLCE1
- eta: PLCH1, PLCH2
- zeta: PLCZ1
- phospholipase C-like: PLCL1, PLCL2
As the authors of the study note…
Multiple genome-wide association studies identified phospholipase C (PLC) signaling as a pathway that contributes to the risk for bipolar disorder (Nurenberger, 2014)… A genome-wide linkage analysis study also identified a gene encoding phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCG1) as a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder (Radhakrishna, 2001). Indeed, BD patients with a dinucleotide repeat in the PLCG1 genomic region are good responders to lithium, suggesting involvement of the PLCγ1 signaling pathway in BD (Turecki, 1998). Interestingly, PLCγ1 controls recycling of IP3, which is modulated by lithium (Berridge, 1998).
This Study
This study involved generating mice that lacked a functioning phospholipase C gamma1 (PLCγ1) enzyme in the forebrain (complete deletion of the enzyme kills mice).
These mice had several features consistent with human mania.
- They seemed to lack the usual level of anxiety when exploring new areas.
- They were much more drawn to pleasure (hyperhedonic) than normal mice.
- They were hyperactive.
- They were much less likely to learn to avoid dangerous situations than normal mice.
How might this happen?
The authors found that the PLCγ1 deficient mice had reductions of inhibitory input (from GABA neurons) into the hippocampus (affecting memory formation) and striatal dopamine 1 neurons (the striatum is a critical component of movement and reward systems in the brain).
This may be the result of impaired localization and/or stabilization of postsynaptic Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII ) at inhibitory GABA synapses.
Treatment reversed these effects.
Finally the authors showed that treating the PLCγ1 deficient mice with lithium or valproate reversed these effects, making them resume normal mouse behavior.
What does this mean?
If these results are confirmed, this mouse model could lead to a better understanding of human mania and the ability to develop new and possibly more effective treatments of mania.
However.
Other models for mania in mice have been proposed. Whether this model is a better one will depend on replication.
References
Berridge MJ, Downes CP, Hanley MR. Neural and developmental actions of lithium: a unifying hypothesis. Cell 1989; 59: 411–419.
Nurnberger JIJr, Koller DL, Jung J, Edenberg HJ, Foroud T, Guella I et al. Identification of pathways for bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71: 657–664
Radhakrishna U, Senol S, Herken H, Gucuyener K, Gehrig C, Blouin JL et al. An apparently dominant bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) locus on chromosome 20p11.2-q11.2 in a large Turkish pedigree. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9: 39–44.
Turecki G, Grof P, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Ahrens B et al. Evidence for a role of phospholipase C-γ1 in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3: 534–538.
Yang YR, Jung JH, Kim SJ, Hamada K, Suzuki A, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Kwon OB, Lee YK,
Kim J, Kim EK, Jang HJ, Kang DS, Choi JS, Lee CJ, Marshall J, Koh HY, Kim CJ,
Seok H, Kim SH, Choi JH, Choi YB, Cocco L, Ryu SH, Kim JH, Suh PG.
Forebrain-specific ablation of phospholipase Cγ1 causes manic-like behavior. Mol
Psychiatry. 2017 Jan 31. doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.261. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 28138157.
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