Predicting Bipolar Disorder

Peter ForsterDiagnosis, Testing

Predicting bipolar disorder might allow early intervention that could change the course of the condition, or prevent at risk adults or adolescents from developing severe mood swings. But is predicting bipolar disorder a reasonable goal? What is the science behind this effort?

The August 2014 issue of Bipolar Disorders (the official journal of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders) has several articles on this topic.

In a review article entitled, “Predicting bipolar disorder on the basis of phenomenology: implications for prevention and early intervention” by Gin S Malhi, et al, identified 28 articles that looked at the factors that predict the development of bipolar.

In this review they found that the following traits were predictive of later developing bipolar –

  • irritability
  • aggressiveness
  • sleep disturbances
  • depressive or manic symptoms
  • hyperactivity
  • anxiety
  • mood swings

Non-mood symptoms, including anxiety or worry, energy changes, and attention or concentration problems seem to be more frequently seen in the prodrome of bipolar than mood symptoms.

In other words, classic mood symptoms are not generally present in the prodrome before a first episode. What is seen is pretty non-specific symptoms of anxiety and concentration problems, and symptoms of energy changes, hyperactivity and irritability.

This suggests that screening for risk of bipolar is not likely to be useful except in a high risk set of adolescents (such as the children of bipolar parents) since the symptoms themselves are not that easy to distinguish from the normal ups and downs of adolescence (in other words, if you screened the general population of adolescents you would find far too many people at risk to make the effort worthwhile).

However, the description of symptoms is good enough to identify adolescents who are at risk who merit particular attention.

One long term study found that the first unusual behaviors in those high risk adolescents who later developed bipolar, were fairly non-specific signs of stubborness and difficulty at school or with peers, but that there was a more specific set of behaviors that predicted that bipolar was close at hand – periods of high energy, sleep difficulties, excessive or loud talking, and problems with thinking or concentrating.

By contrast, studies that looked at the general population of adolescents (not those at high risk) have identified a slightly different set of symptoms in that population that point to increased risk of bipolar – mood fluctuation, episodes of depression and episodes of irritability. These suggest that overall stubborness and contrary behavior may not be the best predictors in the general population, the key risk factors for this group is episodic changes in mood, activity and functioning.

Finally, a longitudinal study in the same issue of Bipolar Disorders, “The predictive validity of bipolar at-risk (prodromal) criteria in help-seeking adolescents and young adults: a prospective study,” suggests that a specific set of criteria that combine risk factors and symptoms can predict the development of hypomania or mania symptoms in a general population with reasonable accuracy (25% of those in the high risk group developed these symptoms in the following year).

The ultra high risk criteria for bipolar disorder (BAR) that they developed were the following –

Aged between 15 and 25 years and fulfill criteria of at least one of three groups within the last 12 months:

Group I: Sub-threshold mania

For at least two consecutive days but <4 days: period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood and at least two criteria (three in the case of irritability) from the list:

  1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
  2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only three hours’ sleep)
  3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
  4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
  5. Distractibility
  6. Increased goal-directed activity (either socially, at work, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation

Group II: Depression + cyclothymic features

Depression

For at least one week: depressed mood, or loss of interest or pleasure + at least two criteria from the list:

  1. [Significant weight loss
  2. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
  3. Psychomotor retardation or agitation
  4. Fatigue or loss of energy
  5. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
  6. Diminished ability to think or concentrate
  7. Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation

AND

Cyclothymic features

Numerous episodes with sub-threshold manic symptoms not meeting Group I criteria and numerous episodes with depressive symptoms (e.g., sub-threshold mania as defined in Group I only for four hours within a 24-hour period) and at least four cumulative lifetime days meeting the criteria
Group III: Depression + genetic risk

Depression

For at least one week: depressed mood, or loss of interest or pleasure + at least two criteria from the list:

  1. Significant weight loss
  2. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
  3. Psychomotor retardation or agitation
  4. Fatigue or loss of diminished ability to think or concentrate
  5. Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation

AND

Genetic risk: First-degree relative with bipolar disorder

References

Bechdolf A, Ratheesh A, Cotton SM, Nelson B, Chanen AM, Betts J, Bingmann T, Yung AR, Berk M, McGorry PD. The predictive validity of bipolar at-risk (prodromal) criteria in help-seeking adolescents and young adults: a prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2014 Aug;16(5):493-504. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12205. Epub 2014 May 5. PMID: 24797824.

Malhi GS, Bargh DM, Coulston CM, Das P, Berk M. Predicting bipolar disorder on the basis of phenomenology: implications for prevention and early intervention. Bipolar Disord. 2014 Aug;16(5):455-70. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12133. Epub 2013 Oct 25. PMID: 24636153.